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EOS basics
EOS
Infrastructure
EOS is an open-source protocol designed by Dan Larimer and Block.one to support the creation of smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). Its network features a delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism to help secure the platform while giving it a level of performance desirable for running applications. Through DPoS, EOS offers greater scalability and transaction throughput than traditional blockchain networks, but to a certain extent, it relinquishes complete decentralization and censorship resistance.
EOS token type
EOS
Native
Payments, Vote
EOS supports a native token of the same name that users purchase or rent to access network bandwidth, computational and storage capacity, and voting rights. The level of voting or computational power is proportional to the number of tokens held or staked.
Unlike Ethereum or Bitcoin, EOS token transfers do not require a fee, as users do not need to entice miners to include their transaction(s) in the next block. EOS block producers earn new tokens only through the creation of new blocks. But transactions are not entirely free because users and developers still need to acquire network resources in proportion to their intended on-chain activity levels.
The network resources required to submit transactions and run dApps include:
- CPU: the processing power it takes to operate a dApp and read data from a storage device (measured in microseconds)
- NET: network bandwidth or the average rate of data transfer through the communication protocol (measured in bytes)
- RAM: data storage
Users can stake EOS tokens directly to access CPU and NET, or they can lease these resources through EOS REX, an EOS-based resource exchange.
EOS history and first price
Crowdsale
Block.one began the EOS token sale on June 26, 2017, selling 200 million tokens over a five day period, raising a total of $172 million. Over the next 350 days, 2 million tokens were sold per day ($700 million total) raising a total of $4.02 billion. The final 100 million EOS tokens were reserved for Block.one. This allocation is set to be released linearly to Block.one every second over a period of 10 years starting from the Genesis Block on June 6, 2019.
EOS was published by software publisher Block.one and development is led by CTO Dan Larimer, who founded Steem ($STEEM) and BitShares ($BTS). The project competes with other popular smart contract platforms such as Ethereum ($ETH), NEO ($NEO), and Cardano ($ADA). EOS tries to differentiate itself by providing transaction throughput capable of handling thousands of transactions per second without having to pay direct fees, improved usability for all parties involved, and governance for business and chain maintenance.
EOS makes use of on-chain governance whereby token holders can vote for the block producers (BPs) as well as various upgrades to the protocol, monetary policy, or stakeholder bylaws. The EOS User Agreement defines and enforces the user bylaws. The rules are not enforceable at the protocol level but rather act as a terms-of-service agreement that users must agree to. This community developed agreement replaced Block.one's Constitution by a majority BP vote back in April 2019.
Ecosystem funds play an important role in the growth and adoption of EOS. Their mandate is to make strategic investments that increase the value of the projects and tokens to ensure the necessary infrastructure is built and proper incentivization exists to attract developers to build on the platform. The most prominent is a $325 million fund ran by Mike Novogratz called Galaxy Digital EOS VC.
The EOS.IO Dawn 2.0 release provided an Alpha implementation of the EOS network. The new features included: Genesis Import Testing Token Faucets Resource Usage & Rate Limiting for bandwidth, computational bandwidth, and database storage P2P Network Code
Learn more here
The Dawn 3.0 release focused on scaling and interchain communication development. The other features included in this release were: Sparse Header Verification Context Free Actions Transaction Compression Resource Metering Rate Limiting Lost Password Recovery & more
Learn more here
Dawn 4.0 marked the last testnet release prior to mainnet launch. This final testnet introduced: The RAM Allocation Model Implications for Smart Contract Developers Minimizing Speculation Advancements in Inter Blockchain Communication A Roadmap for Parallel Computation & more
Learn more here
Block.one released the EOSIO 1.0 code on June 2, 2018, and after a week of deliberations between block producers (BPs) and early network testing, BPs voted in favor of launching the network on June 9, 2018. The following launch sequence delayed the official launch until June 14, 2018.
The launch was not entirely smooth, as multiple reports claimed a bug caused the EOS network to unexpectedly "freeze" just two days after its release. The network remained down for a few days until BPs and Block.one developers resolved the bug.
The EOS Authority approved the stepwise solution to a href=" "increase the RAM available/a on the EOS. The update initiated a gradually increase in the EOS RAM at 1KB per block to hopefully decrease network costs and provide a potential solution to RAM hoarding issues.
The EOS community opted to forgo the original Constitution proposed by Block.one and develop its own on-chain user bylaws, dubbed the User Agreement. Block producers (BPs) approved the User Agreement by a majority vote (15/21), and the agreement officially replaced the old Constitution in April 2019.
Learn more about the User Agreement and its eleven articles here
At a Washington DC event on June 1st, 2019, a href=" "Block.one/a a href=" "announced/a the company is in the process of developing Voice, an EOS-based social media platform. Block.one also relayed it will build a new WebAssembly engine EOSVM to compliment the product. Voice will have its own native token, which can be used to bump posts on the platform.
The new social media platform cost a href=" "$150 million/a and one year to build according to statements made by Block.one CEO a href=" "Brendan Blumer/a. Blumer also a href=" "said/a an inflation tax may be a method to fund the development and maintenance of Voice. “Without committing to the model," Blumer wrote, "Block.one will take a small cut of ongoing inflation or another aligned way that allows us to preserve the utility status of the token.”
In preparation for the app's development, Block.one un-staked 3.3 million EOS tokens to a href=" "purchase more RAM/a.
EOS successfully a href=" "executed/a its first hard fork to upgrade the protocol. EOS Nation claimed that 29 of the 30 top BPs committed to upgrading.
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) a href=" "charged/a Block.one with conducting an unregistered securities offering related to the multi-billion EOS token sale. The SEC order found that Block.one violated the registration provisions of the federal securities law by failing to register its token sale as a securities offering or seek proper exemptions. Block.one consented to the order without admitting or denying its findings and paid a $24 million civil penalty.
EOSIO 2.0 a href=" "introduced/a notable performance and security enhancements to the EOS VM (Virtual Machine). Security improvements included the addition of WebAuthn authentication standards, which allow hardware devices to authenticate and sign transactions in browsers for EOSIO applications "without extensions or extra installed software." The released also included new developer tools, such as the alpha version of the web-based EOSIO Quickstart Web IDE.
In Feb. 2020, fifteen of the twenty-one BPs voted again to burn the over 34 million EOS tokens (worth almost $140 million at the time) held in the eosio.saving account. This vote also reduced the inflation rate of the network from 5% to its current rate of 1%. This inflation reduction only eliminated the 80% of block rewards previously dedicated to the eosio.saving account, effectively eliminating the role of that account on the network. Since the contents of the eosio.saving account were already illiquid, the vote's impact on the circulating supply and real inflation rate was minimal.
This vote conducted by network Block Producers followed a poll held by EOS holders about eight months earlier (Jun. 1, 2019). Token holders a href=" "signaled their preference/a to lower the network's 5% inflation rate to 1% and eliminate the function of the eosio.savings account, which had no defined use case despite collecting 80% of inflation rewards over the network's first eight months.
EOS technology explained
Block.one built EOS with scalability as a primary objective. Beyond its delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism, EOS employs Graphene technology and (in the long-term) parallel processing to maximize performance.
- Graphene technology: An open-course software toolkit developed by Dan Larimer that helps improve transaction processing capabilities. It is currently used by previous Larimer creations, Bitshares and Steem, as well as MUSE and Peerplay.
- Parallel computation: Also referred to as horizontal scaling, this technology divides transactions and smart contract execution among multiple processors to help reduce the run time of a program. The first protocol version will operate on a single thread (i.e., a single processor) but will shift to a multithreaded platform in the future.
EOS requires users to obtain the following resources to submit transactions and run decentralized applications:
- CPU: the processing power it takes to operate a dApp and read data from a storage device (measured in microseconds)
- NET: network bandwidth or the average rate of data transfer through the communication protocol (measured in bytes)
- RAM: data storage
EOS holders receive CPU and NET by staking their tokens and receiving a proportional amount of the network resources. As a result, the network utilizes a no direct fee model where tokens give holders access to their pro-rata share of network resources. That being said, any operation needing storage or to create an account requires RAM to be purchased separately.
EOS uses the WebAssembly Virtual Machine (WASM), which offers high speed and performance as well as support for a multitude of programming languages such as C, C++, and Rust, giving developers access to existing optimization and debugging tools.
Additionally, EOS implements human-readable names and account recovery solutions at the protocol level. Recovery is made possible with the designation of a recovery party that can reset the owner's keys with their approval. Unlike traditional multi-signature applications, the recovery partner has no control over the account other than helping the owner reset their keys.
EOS supply limit
Inflationary
Fixed Inflation rate
Current supply details The network's current inflation rate is 1%, split between the Block Producers (BPs) and Standby Producers, who received 0.25% and 0.75% of the annual inflation rate respectively. While BPs must share a smaller piece of the total reward pool, there are only 21 BPs; thus, they receive more daily EOS rewards on average than their counterparts. Standby Producers represent potential block producers ranked outside of the top 21 that have enough voting support from token holders to receive a minimum daily reward of 100 EOS.
Historic supply and inflation changes At launch, the inflation rate for EOS was 5%, but this metric was somewhat misleading as the network routed 4% of newly minted tokens into the eosio.saving account. The supply directed to this account was illiquid and only accessible by way of a successful vote among the network's 21 block producers (BPs). The rest of the outstanding inflation went to BPs and Standby Producers per the same percentage breakdown described above.
BPs can also vote on decreasing or increasing the inflation rate. Therefore, these network representatives can impact the future supply of EOS by altering the block reward or changing the contents of the eosio.saving account, an act that has happened twice since inception.
On May 8, 2019, BPs opted to burn all of the tokens collected in the eosio.saving account up until that point, which amounted to 34 million EOS. The inflation rate remained intact, however, so that account continued to accrue 80% of the newly issued (but still illiquid) EOS supply.
In Feb. 2020, fifteen of the twenty-one BPs voted again to burn the over 34 million EOS tokens (worth almost $140 million at the time) held in the eosio.saving account. This vote also reduced the inflation rate of the network from 5% to its current rate of 1%. This inflation reduction only eliminated the 80% of block rewards previously dedicated to the eosio.saving account, effectively eliminating the role of that account on the network. Since the contents of the eosio.saving account were already illiquid, the vote's impact on the circulating supply and real inflation rate was minimal.
Block.one vesting schedule Block.one allocated itself 100 million EOS tokens at launch to fund future ecosystem development. These tokens will unlock linearly every second over a period of ten years starting from the network's Genesis Block on Jun. 6, 2018. In May 2019, Block.one claimed a vested batch of 9.8 million EOS and used 3.3 million of these tokens (worth ~$25 million at the time) to purchase network RAM. The firm now only holds the current and future rights to 96.7 million EOS tokens.
Impact of the eosio.ramfee account Until May 1, 2019, and the launch of Resource Exchange (REX) on EOS Mainnet, the fees collected from RAM trading (0.5% of the value of each trade) were sent and stored on the eosio.ramfee account. From May 1, 2019, the fees are now directly transferred from the eosio.ramfee to the REX, but the funds (approximately 2M EOS) that were located in the eosio.ramfee account before the upgrade will not be allocated to the REX and remain illiquid.
Blacklisted accounts EOSIO also has a feature that allows Block Producers to blacklist accounts. All the Block Producers need to blacklist an account in order for the blacklist to happen. Those blacklisted accounts' supply is considered illiquid since it is no longer transferable.
EOS consensus
Delegated Proof-of-Stake
0.01 min
EOS's delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) is based on 21 Block Producers (BPs) voted on by token holders, where votes are weighted by the number of tokens held and holders can opt to delegate their votes to another holder on their behalf. Anyone can participate in the block production so long as they can receive enough votes, and the vote is ongoing so at any time BP's can be replaced by another entity voters believe will act in their best interests.
Blocks are produced every 0.5 seconds and one BP produces a block at any given time. Once 15 BP’s sign a block, it is deemed irreversible. Under normal conditions, DPoS does not experience forks because rather than competing, BPs cooperate to produce blocks. In the event of a fork, consensus will automatically switch to the longest chain because the rate at which blocks are added to a fork is directly correlated to the percentage of BP’s that share the same consensus.
See the list of BPs here
EOS governance
Delegated On-Chain Vote
EOS protocol upgrade and code changes are subject to its on-chain governance system. Anyone is free to submit new policies or code changes, but these proposals must achieve a majority vote before being accepted into the codebase. The decision-making process for EOS' on-chain governance is well-defined; however, governance debates, which can influence on-chain decisions, still occur off-chain. The strict on-chain rules often increase the activity of off-chain politics, as various stakeholders engage in community discussions surrounding any new proposals or ongoing voting sessions.
Who regulate EOS in 2024?
The Securities Framework Asset Ratings of the Crypto Rating Council (CRC) attributed the score of 3.75 out of 5 to EOS and provided the below summary:
- Absence of investment-like language or marketing
- Current functionality of the platform
- Raised funds in excess of what would reasonably be necessary for development of the platform
The CRC is a member-owned and operated organization whose purpose is to assess if a crypto asset, or its development, issuance, and use have characteristics that make it more or less likely to implicate federal securities laws. According to the CRC framework, a score of 5 results when an asset appears to have many characteristics that are consistent with the Howey-test factors. A score of 1 results when an asset appears to have few characteristics that are consistent with the Howey-test factors.
SEC lawsuit On Sept. 30, 2019, the U.S. SEC charged Block.one with conducting an unregistered securities offering related to its multi-billion token sale. The SEC order found that Block.one violated the registration provisions of the federal securities law by failing to register its token sale as a securities offering or seek proper exemptions. Block.one consented to the order without admitting or denying its findings and paid a $24 million civil penalty. But the SEC did not require Block.one or the EOS network to cease operations, leading to the assumption EOS reached a sufficient level of decentralization and its native token was no longer deemed securities.
Store EOS with Cropty cryptocurrency wallet by 3 simple steps:
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Receive EOS to your Cropty wallet by QR-code, phone number, e-mail and nickname:
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Start investing in EOS with Cropty cryptocurrency wallet by 3 simple steps:
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The Cropty wallet provides the most convenient application for storing and transfering EOS. Cropty targets to become one the best crypto wallets for Android and iOS in 2024. Cropty provides convenient application and secure custodial services, built for crypto beginners, as well as for crypto-savvies.
You can receive EOS donations instantly with Cropty wallet. Download Android or iOS app or open the web version, sign up, click ‘Receive’ and follow simple instructions. Share your address with someone who wants to donate you in crypto.
You can receive EOS donations instantly with Cropty wallet. Download Android or iOS app or open the web version, sign up, click ‘Receive’ and follow simple instructions. Share your address with someone who wants to donate you in crypto.
You can send EOS instantly without fee in the Cropty wallet. Download Android or iOS app or open the web version, sign up, click ‘Send’, choose ‘Send via e-mail, phone number or nickname’ and follow simple instructions.
- Sign up to EOS wallet.
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